![]() ![]() During the study period, the Assembly Complete milestone was scheduled for November 2004 with the final ISS construction flight delivering the U.S. Construction will continue with the delivery of components and assembly on orbit through a series of 46 planned flights. ![]() The two modules were mated and interconnected by the crew of the Space Shuttle during the December flight, and the first assembled element of the ISS was in place. Construction of the ISS began with the launch of the Russian Zarya module in November 1998 followed by the launch of the U.S. Russia is participating in full partnership with the United States in the fabrication of ISS modules, the assembly of ISS elements on orbit, and, after assembly has been completed, the day-to-day operation of the station. The project is being led by the United States, with the participation of Japan, the European Space Agency, Canada, Italy, Russia, and Brazil. The International Space Station (ISS) is truly an international undertaking. Įngineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the International Space Station Current and planned projects include: the Venus Express (which entered polar orbit around Venus in April 2006 and is scheduled to continue until December 2014 at least) a probe to Mercury, BepiColombo, being jointly developed with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and scheduled to launch in 2015 the Planck spacecraft, launched in 2009, which observes cosmic microwave background radiation and the Vega launcher, which was successfully tested in February 2012. ESA space telescopes have included the Herschel Space Observatory, which observed at infrared wavelengths 2009–13. ![]() Its Mars Express, launched in June 2003 and scheduled to continue until at least 2014, has discovered water ice and methane on that planet. The ESA's Envisat satellite was launched on 28 February 2002. ESA's European Remote-Sensing Satellite ERS-2 was launched in 1995 to work in tandem with ERS-1 (launched in 1991 and retired in 2000), improving measurements of global ozone. The agency's ATVs (Automated Service Vehicles) are essential to the running of the ISS. It also created components for the ISS, including a robotic arm. The ESA has developed the Ariane rockets (used to launch most ESA satellites), the Spacelab scientific workshop, the Giotto space probe, and various scientific and communications satellites. The participating countries are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK.ĮSA astronauts have participated in numerous space activities including missions on the Mir space station and the International Space Station (ISS). It was founded in 1975, with headquarters in Paris, France. Organization of 19 European countries that engages in space research and technology. ![]()
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